Additional file 1. Fig. S1. Quality control and clustering of integrated scRNA-seq data from AD-COs (#1–2) and NAC-COs (#1–2). Fig. S2. Characterization of AD-COs and NAC-COs by single-cell transcriptomic profiling. Fig. S3. Representative Ca2+ oscillation traces in NAC-CO and AD-CO#1 cocultured with either NTSCs-H or NTSCs-SC for 5–6 days. Fig. S4. Presence of Muse cells (SSEA3+/CD105+) populations in initially purified Muse cells from NTSCs and in cultured Muse cells (NTSCs-SC). Table S5. Summary of therapeutic effects according to Muse cell proportion in NTSCs.