Knowledge of the impact of the gut microbiota on human health has increased, and modulation of the bacterial community is now considered a therapeutic target for various diseases. Certain novel bacterial species have probiotic properties associated with improvement in obesity and related metabolic disorders. The relative abundance of <i>Butyricimonas</i> spp. is correlated with metabolic parameters; however, the physiological role of <i>Butyricimonas</i> in metabolic improvement is unclear. In this study, live and heat-killed <i>Butyricimonas virosa</i> were administered to mice with high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity. Both live and heat-killed <i>B. virosa</i> ameliorated HFD-impaired body weight, serum glucose level, insulin resistance, and liver steatosis. Moreover, activation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) was observed in the liver, and the expression levels of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, IRS-2, Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were upregulated in the ileum. Finally, we demonstrated that the effect of <i>B. virosa</i> treatment on glucose regulation may be linked to the upregulation of GLP-1R in the liver and is not a result of colonization of the gut by <i>B. virosa</i> or <i>B. virosa</i>-produced butyrate. Our results provide a rationale for the development of <i>Butyricimonas</i> spp.-based therapeutics and prophylactics for hyperglycemia.