Porous organic polymers (POPs) offer exceptional surface area, tunable pore sizes, and versatile chemical functionality, making them attractive for a range of advanced applications. However, their conventional powdered form limits processability, structural integration, and practical deployment. Integrating POPs into fibrous matrices through electrospinning, a scalable and versatile technique for producing nonwoven fibers, helps overcome these limitations and enables the creation of new material architecture. The resulting POP-incorporated fibrous materials (POP-FMs) combine the intrinsic advantages of POPs with enhanced mechanical integrity, tailored surface properties, and improved mass transport characteristics. These features expand the potential of POP-FMs in areas such as catalysis, environmental remediation, sensing, and biomedical fields. This review discusses recent progress in the design and synthesis of electrospinning-compatible POPs, strategies for fabricating POP-FM composites, and the structure-property relationships that govern their performance. Key challenges and future directions are also explored, underscoring the potential of POP-FMs as next-generation functional materials.