The objectives of this study were to examine the trends of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission intensity (EI) from livestock sector in Indonesia, and also to suggest mitigation measures for the emissions. GHG emissions were calculated by using 2006 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Guideline (2006 IPCC GL) Tier 1 method based on carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2eq) with default values except for Indonesian livestock population. GHG EI (emissions intensity) of livestock sector in Indonesia was calculated by dividing total GHG emissions by Indonesian meat production from livestock commodities. In 2015, beef cattle contributed 66.99% from total GHG emissions from livestock sector, followed by goat (8.38%), sheep (7.40%), buffalo (6.89%), swine (5.03%), broiler chicken (3.80%), and horse (0.72%). However, in 2015, buffalo showed the highest EI (kgCO2eq/kg meat) by 6.44, followed by beef cattle (5.88), sheep (4.69), goat (4.07), swine (3.50), horse (3.09), and broiler chicken (0.38). EIs from swine, goat, sheep, broiler chicken, horse, beef cattle, and buffalo decreased by 60.77%, 58.59%, 46.68%, 21.30%, 18.15%, 19.94%, and 13.13% from 2000 to 2015, respectively. Results of GHG emissions and GHG EIs from each livestock category in Indonesia shown the improvement direction in order to mitigate GHG emission. Therefore, Indonesian government should focus on the beef cattle and buffalo that are a high contribution on GHG emissions and high EI by increasing the efficiency of livestock rearing management such as livestock health, genetic, diets, and environment.

This study aimed to compare the dynamics of air temperature and velocity under two different ventilation and housing systems during summer and winter in Korea. The NH3 concentration of both housing systems was also investigated in relation to the pig's growth. The ventilation systems used were; negative pressure type for the enclosed pig house (EPH) and natural airflow for the conventional pig house (CPH). Against a highly fluctuating outdoor temperature, the EPH was able to maintain a stable temperature at 24.8 to 29.1°C during summer and 17.9 to 23.1°C during winter whilst the CPH had a wider temperature variance during summer at 24.7 to 32.3°C. However, the temperature fluctuation of the CPH during winter was almost the same with that of EPH at 14.5 to 18.2°C. The NH3 levels in the CPH ranged from 9.31 to 16.9 mg/L during summer and 5.1 to 19.7 mg/L during winter whilst that of the EPH pig house was 7.9 to 16.1 mg/L and 3.7 to 9.6 mg/L during summer and winter, respectively. These values were less than the critical ammonia level for pigs with the EPH maintaining a lower level than the CPH in both winter and summer. The air velocity at pig nose level in the EPH during summer was 0.23 m/s, enough to provide comfort because of the unique design of the inlet feature. However, no air movement was observed in almost all the lower portions of the CPH during winter because of the absence of an inlet feature. There was a significant improvement in weight gain and feed intake of pigs reared in the EPH compared to the CPH (p<0.05). These findings proved that despite the difference in the housing systems, a stable indoor temperature was necessary to minimize the impact of an avoidable and highly fluctuating outdoor temperature. The EPH consistently maintained an effective indoor airspeed irrespective of season; however the CPH had defective and stagnant air at pig nose level during winter. Characteristics of airflow direction and pattern were consistent relative to housing system during both summer and winter but not of airspeed. The ideal air velocity measurement favored the EPH and therefore can be appropriate for the Korean environment. Further emphasis on its cost effectiveness will be the subject of future investigations.