Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a safe and potent alternative to regenerative medicine in recent decades. Furthermore, the adjustment of EV functions has been recently enabled by certain stem cell preconditioning methods, providing an exceptional opportunity to enhance the therapeutic potential or confer additional functions of stem cell-derived EVs. In this review, we discuss the recent progress of functionalized EVs, based on stem cell preconditioning, for treating various organ systems, such as the musculoskeletal system, nervous system, integumentary system, cardiovascular system, renal system, and respiratory system. Additionally, we summarize the expected outcomes of preconditioning methods for stem cells and their EVs. With recent progress, we suggest considerations and future directions for developing personalized medicine based on preconditioned stem cell-derived EVs.

As the median age of the global population rises and the demand for aesthetic enhancement increases, interest in antiaging skin technologies has been growing significantly. This review first addresses the molecular mechanisms underlying skin aging, followed by an overview of traditional antiaging approaches and their benefits and limitations. Furthermore, it emphasizes the potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) as promising alternatives to address the shortcomings of conventional strategies. This article highlights the antiaging effects and therapeutic mechanisms of MSC-EVs in the skin microenvironment and identifies promising targets for skin antiaging interventions based on the functional properties of MSC-EVs. Finally, this review introduces the recent advances and future directions for MSC-EV-based antiaging strategies.

Stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a safe and potent alternative to regenerative medicine in recent decades. Furthermore, the adjustment of EV functions has been recently enabled by certain stem cell preconditioning methods, providing an exceptional opportunity to enhance the therapeutic potential or confer additional functions of stem cell-derived EVs. In this review, we discuss the recent progress of functionalized EVs, based on stem cell preconditioning, for treating various organ systems, such as the musculoskeletal system, nervous system, integumentary system, cardiovascular system, renal system, and respiratory system. Additionally, we summarize the expected outcomes of preconditioning methods for stem cells and their EVs. With recent progress, we suggest considerations and future directions for developing personalized medicine based on preconditioned stem cell-derived EVs.

As the median age of the global population rises and the demand for aesthetic enhancement increases, interest in antiaging skin technologies has been growing significantly. This review first addresses the molecular mechanisms underlying skin aging, followed by an overview of traditional antiaging approaches and their benefits and limitations. Furthermore, it emphasizes the potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) as promising alternatives to address the shortcomings of conventional strategies. This article highlights the antiaging effects and therapeutic mechanisms of MSC-EVs in the skin microenvironment and identifies promising targets for skin antiaging interventions based on the functional properties of MSC-EVs. Finally, this review introduces the recent advances and future directions for MSC-EV-based antiaging strategies.

ABSTRACT The sustainable utilization of agricultural by‐products presents an innovative solution to environmental and health challenges. This study proposes the upcycling of oriental melon ( Cucumis melo var. makuwa ) stems, typically discarded agricultural waste, into a bioactive extract with functional potential. The ethanol extract was evaluated for its effects on high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). CMSE treatment significantly reduced body weight and fat mass in HFD‐induced obese mice by enhancing energy expenditure, independent of calorie intake. It also ameliorated hepatic steatosis, reducing liver weight and fat accumulation while lowering serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, markers of liver function. CMSE contributed to the stimulation of thermogenesis and energy dissipation in brown adipose tissue (BAT) by increasing the expression of thermogenic genes ( Ucp‐1 and Ucp‐3 ) and elevating uncoupling protein 1 (UCP‐1) protein levels. LC‐MS analysis identified bioactive compounds, including soyacerebroside I, which is known for its anti‐inflammatory properties and may contribute to the observed metabolic improvements. However, further studies are required to validate this potential association. This study underscores the valorization of agricultural waste, transforming CMSE into a high‐value functional ingredient that supports both metabolic health and environmental sustainability. By aligning with circular economy principles, CMSE offers a dual advantage: contributing to addressing global health concerns such as obesity and liver disease while reducing agricultural waste. These findings suggest the potential utility of CMSE as a sustainable nutraceutical or functional agent for managing obesity and related disorders.

Bone related problems due to numerous reasons are global concerns and increasing recently. Although bone tissues have an ability to regenerate themselves, bone become unable to completely heal without external intervention when severe defects occur. It is required to develop new biomaterials termed as a scaffold which can support and induce bone tissue regeneration. A biomaterial scaffold for bone repair possesses the requirements of non-toxicity, biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, and non-immunogenicity. Among natural osteogenic compounds, tamarind seed polysaccharide (TSP) is a desirable agent for fabrication of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering due to its suitable bio-chemical properties. In the previous study, sulfated derivative of TSP was synthesized and characterized. It is proven that this TSP sulfate (TSPS) is an osteogenic compound by inducing osteoblastic cell differentiation and bone mineralization in vitro. In the current study, osteogenic activities of TSPS were further investigated in vivo. Our data showed that TSPS supplemented orally at a dose of 62.5 mg/kg rescued bone loss in osteoporotic mice. Furthermore, histological images of the solid and spongy bone areas indicated that TSPS treated group improved the density and cell morphology of osteocytes and osteoblasts. From positive results observed in vivo, we further continued to study effects of TSPS on HA/Collagen/TSPS composite on bone formation by evaluating alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and bone mineralization. It is showed that TSPS induced cell adherence and proliferation in HA/Collagen (HA/Col) composite. TSPS 100 µg/mL supplemented onto the culture medium and coated onto HA/Col composites resulted in increased of ALP activity to 258 ± 13% and 539 ± 38%, respectively; and of bone mineralization to 135±28.8% and 119±23.5%, respectively. Overall, TSPS was proved to be a good osteogenic agent for bone formation and could be a highly potential candidate in pharmaceutical industry or biomaterial scaffold for bone tissue engineering.

Effective control of bacterial infections remains a significant challenge in aquaculture. The marine bacterium <i>Piscirickettsia salmonis</i> (<i>P. salmonis</i>), responsible for piscirickettsiosis, causes widespread infections in various salmon species, leading to substantial mortality and economic losses. Despite efforts to genetically characterize <i>P. salmonis</i>, critical gaps persist in understanding its virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance genes, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This study addresses these gaps through a comparative analysis of the pan-genome and core genomes of 80 <i>P. salmonis</i> strains from different geographical regions and genogroups. <i>P. salmonis</i> had an open pan-genome consisting of 14,564 genes, with a core genome of 1257 conserved genes. Eleven virulence-related genes were identified in the pan-genome, categorized into five functional groups, providing new insights into the pathogenicity of <i>P. salmonis</i>. Unique SNPs were detected in four key genes (<i>gyrA</i>, <i>dnaK</i>, <i>rpoB</i>, and <i>ftsZ</i>), serving as robust molecular markers for distinguishing the LF and EM genogroups. Notably, AMR genes identified in four LF strains suggest evolutionary adaptations under selective pressure. Functional annotation of the core genomes using the gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases demonstrated conserved gene clusters linked to essential intracellular survival mechanisms and bacterial pathogenicity. These findings suggest a direct association between core genome features and variations in pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions across genogroups. Phylogenetic reconstruction further highlighted the influence of AMR genes on strain divergence. Collectively, this study enhances the genomic understanding of <i>P. salmonis</i> and lays the groundwork for improved diagnostic tools and targeted therapeutics to manage piscirickettsiosis in aquaculture.