Our study identified exosomal miR-206-3p and VCL as promising non-invasive biomarkers for brain metastasis in lung cancer using the mouse model. These findings provide new opportunities for early detection and monitoring of brain metastasis, potentially enabling timely therapeutic intervention.

Our study identified exosomal miR-206-3p and VCL as promising non-invasive biomarkers for brain metastasis in lung cancer using the mouse model. These findings provide new opportunities for early detection and monitoring of brain metastasis, potentially enabling timely therapeutic intervention.

<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Prescribing inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) to patients with bronchiectasis may be controversial. Studies investigating the association between ICS and the risk of lung cancer in patients with bronchiectasis are rare. <b>Methods</b>: Patients with bronchiectasis were enrolled from the National Sample Cohort Data of the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS-NSC) in Korea. Among them, patients with lung cancer were selected as the case group, and the control group was selected by matching the patient group with the propensity score at 1:5 for age, sex, and recruitment year. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards model analysis were performed to determine the risk of lung cancer associated with ICS use in patients with bronchiectasis. In addition, ICS dose-response analysis was performed to determine the risk of lung cancer in patients with bronchiectasis. <b>Results</b>: A total of 19,043 patients with bronchiectasis were included in the study. In patients with bronchiectasis, ICS use was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. After adjusting for age, sex, pack-years of smoking, body mass index (BMI), household income, region of residence, and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), ICS use was found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of lung cancer (aHR 1.40, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.67). Furthermore, we found that the cumulative incidence of lung cancer increased with the cumulative dose of ICS in patients with bronchiectasis. Subgroup analysis of lung cancer risk in patients with bronchiectasis using ICS showed that the risk of lung cancer was significantly higher in those aged 70 years or older, male, with a BMI of 23 kg/m² or higher, with a history of smoking, with a higher number of pack-years of smoking, and with a higher CCI. <b>Conclusions</b>: In patients with bronchiectasis, the use of ICS is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer, which is affected by the cumulative dose of ICS.

<b>Background/Objectives</b>: This study evaluated the concordance between sputum and bronchoscopic specimens in diagnosing nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) pulmonary disease. <b>Methods</b>: We retrospectively analyzed patients with NTM isolated from respiratory specimens between 2010 and 2022. Our analysis assessed species concordance across the two diagnostic methods and compared clinical outcomes between patients with multiple positive cultures and those with a single positive culture. <b>Results</b>: A total of 400 patients were included, 100 of whom underwent bronchoscopy. Among these, 61 demonstrated concordant NTM species between sputum and bronchoscopic specimens, while 38 had NTM cultured from only one source. One patient showed a discordant result, with <i>Mycobacterium abscessus</i> isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage and <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> from sputum. Multivariate analysis identified several factors associated with radiologic progression or the need for treatment: body mass index (HR, 0.847; 95% CI, 0.794-0.902; <i>p</i> < 0.001), membership in the single-isolation group (HR, 0.400; 95% CI, 0.184-0.871; <i>p</i> = 0.021), and fibrocavitary radiologic type (HR, 2.318; 95% CI, 1.470-3.655; <i>p</i> < 0.001). <b>Conclusions</b>: Only a small number of cases showed different NTM species identified by sputum and bronchoscopy.

Abstract A series of A‐DA'D‐A type non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) using benzimidazole (BIm) as the central acceptor (A') were developed. Side‐chain engineering at the carbon‐2 (C2) position (hydrogen or methyl or ethylhexyl) of the central imidazole moiety leads to the formation of three I‐series NFAs, IM‐H, IM‐M, and IM‐EH, respectively. The PM6:IM‐M bulk heterojunction (BHJ) device demonstrated the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 10.09% due to its better miscibility with the PM6 polymer. Furthermore, the planar‐mixed heterojunction (PMHJ) devices of PM6/IM‐M further improved the PCE to 12.68%. The observed enhancement can be attributed to the efficient charge transfer and the mitigation of recombination processes. Meanwhile, IM‐M exhibited ambipolar charge transport behavior in organic field‐effect transistor (OFET) devices, with balanced electron and hole mobilities of 0.028 and 0.024 cm 2 V −1 s −1 , respectively.

Prenatal exposure to climate factors, air pollution, and green space has been linked to respiratory diseases in infants. However, the role of the combined effects of exposure to these factors on respiratory ailments remains unclear. Here we investigate the association of combined exposure to traffic-related air pollution (TRAP), climate factors, and green space during the prenatal period with respiratory diseases in infants. We enrolled 454 participants from the ongoing prospective birth cohort known as the Mothers and Children's Environmental Health study. Data on infant respiratory diseases were collected from parents or guardians. Average exposure values of TRAP, climate factors, and green spaces for the study population were calculated based on geocoded residential addresses. Multiple logistic regression and quantile-based g-calculation models were utilized to examine the association of exposure to environmental factors and green space with respiratory diseases. The combined exposure to climate factors and TRAP during the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of respiratory diseases in infants. High levels of particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) and temperature increased the risk of respiratory diseases (adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 1.615, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.001, 2.658). Additionally, the risk of respiratory diseases from exposure to air pollution and temperature was associated with lower tertiles of residential green spaces. The AOR was 1.064 (95% CI: 1.001, 1.133) per 1 µg/m³ increase in PM_2.5, 1.057 (95% CI: 1.001, 1.116) per 1 ppb increase in NO₂, and 1.108 (95% CI: 1.001, 1.176) per 1 ℃ increase in temperature. Incorporating green space into the analysis of joint exposure to climate factors and air pollution reduced the risk of respiratory disease. This study proposes that combined exposures to climate factors, TRAP, and green spaces during pregnancy are associated with infant respiratory diseases. Fewer residential green spaces could enhance the association of climate factors and air pollution with respiratory diseases.