This article analyzes the formation and transformation of the Korean art world through the dual lenses of functional autonomy and vertical autonomy. The Korean art world was shaped by colonial domination, Cold War, and authoritarianism, producing uneven, overlapping, and state-mediated processes of institutionalization. During the colonial and early postcolonial periods, the Korean art world lacked both functional autonomy from political power and vertical autonomy from the global artistic field. Democratization and globalization during the late twentieth century expanded both forms of autonomy, enabling artistic innovation and transnational engagement and facilitating Korea’s movement from the global periphery toward the semi-periphery. The cultural hierarchies structured around the intersecting oppositions of high–low and Western–traditional became less rigid as autonomy expanded, opening space for hybrid forms of creativity. By integrating theory of art world, artistic field, and global artistic field, the article contributes to a comparative sociology of art world.

최근 들어 국내외 사회과학에서 행복에 대한 관심과 연구가 빠르게 늘고 있다. 행복에 대한 관심은 1960년대 국제적으로 확산된 삶의 질을 중심으로 한 사회지표 운동, 그리고 1970년대 경제학자 이스털린(Easterlin)의 역설의 발견 등에 의해 높아졌으며, 1980년대와 90년대에 걸쳐 주춤하는 듯하다가 2000년대 들어 다시 사회과학 및 정책의 담론의 중심에 놓이게 되었다. 행복 연구는 ?GDP를 넘어서(beyond GDP)?라는 큰 흐름 속에서 이루어져 왔지만 GDP가 아닌 무엇이 인간의 행복을 증진시키는가에 대해서는 학문에 따라, 또한 학자들에 따라 서로 다른 의견을 보였다. 최근 들어 행복의 차이를 낳는 중요한 요인으로 주목받는 것이 사회적 관계이다. 본 연구에서는 사회적 관계의 행복에 대한 긍정적 효과와 더불어 사회적 관계가 행복을 저하시킬 수 있는 부정적 효과에 대해서 함께 살펴보았다. 삶의 만족에 대한 사회적 관계의 역할은 한편에서는 물질적, 정서적, 도덕적 지원을 제공함으로써 만족도를 높이는 통로(pipe)로서의 긍정적 측면과 함께, 다른 한편에서는 다른 사람으로부터 멸시를 받거나 아니면 스스로 다른 사람과 비교해서 자신을 비하함으로써 만족도를 낮추는 일그러진 거울(mirror)과 같은 부정적 측면을 동시에 가진다. 삶의 만족에 대한 사회적 관계의 이러한 양면적 효과를 본 연구에서는 2012년 한국종합사회조사(KGSS) 자료를 통해 경험적으로 검증하였다. 경험적 분석의 결과 도움을 받을 이웃이 많고, 주변에 소통할 사람이 있으며, 일인가구가 아닌 경우 삶의 만족이 높은 반면, 자신의 객관적 소득계층에 비해 스스로를 낮게 평가하거나 다른 사람들로부터 무시당하거나 인정을 받지 못한 경험이 있으면 삶의 만족이 낮았다.

This paper examilles the effect of inter-industrial network on the competitive outcome of Korean firms between 1981 and 1999. We look for a way to integrate structUral hole theory of market and organizational ecology in explaining the competition among firms for survival and growth. Especially the concept of niche, central to ecological theory, can be measured using the idea that structural autonomy of industry in input-output network determines the industry's niche width. Combilling data from inpur-output table and establishment census between 1981 and 1999, we test two hypotheses that organizations in highly autonomous industry should show lower mortality rates and higher growth rates, and that the competitive effect of density should be lower under the condition of high autonomy in input-output network. Overall, the results from event history analysis for mortality rates and pooled-time series analysis for growth rates confirm our hypotheses.

Our study examines the imitation behavior of UK automobile manufacturers from 1894 to 1981 and supports previous studies on interorganizational imitation by showing that manufacturers tend to imitate other manufacturers that are similar. We also find that the degree of confidence manufacturers have in their imitating behavior affects the intensity of that behavior, where an organization’s confidence is determined by the variance of the routines used by its reference group and the number of firms in the reference group. Our results show that (1) manufacturers whose reference groups showed large variance in niche-width changes during the previous year are less likely to imitate (the mean of) those changes, (2) manufacturers who have large reference groups are more likely to imitate the changes, and (3) the negative effect of variance on the imitating behavior is strengthened as the number of reference organizations increases.

This study tried to examine the development of civic organizations in Korea in terms of their changing membership niche. Based on the idea of Blau space proposed by McPherson (1984, 2004), we applied the theory of organization ecology (Hannan and Freeman, 1989; Caroll and Hannan, 2000) to the development of Korean civic organizations. We measured and examined the trend of niche width of civic organizations to see if growth in numbers of civic organizations was accompanied by the expansion of niche width. The results show that width of membership niche have increased in terms of occupation but not in terms of educational background. The results for the age niche are mixed in that the membership niche of labor union and vocation organization expanded while that of ryonko and religious organization shrank over time. we also calculated the degree of niche overlap over time and examined the trend. The results show non-linear trend of initial rise and slight decline toward the end of observation period. The rise of niche overlap implies that civic organizations face potential competition for recruiting members.

Nothing better captures the development vitality that spur South Korea to resume itself from its economic crisis than the information technology industry. This ultramodern high‐technology industry in the area of dynamic random access memory (DRAM) chips, transistor liquid‐crystal displays (LCDs), code division multiple access (CDMA) cellular phones, monitors, PCs, and other electrics‐electronics have served as the engine of growth in the process of economic recovery. Have these industries grown enough to compete in the global market? Would it be realistic to assume that the development of these industries has been conducive to industrial upgrading in the world stratification system? What domestic and international factors are involved in this notable achievements of this industry?