This review comprehensively examines recent progress, identifies critical challenges, and outlines future directions for electricity-to-NH 3 interconversion in proton ceramic cells.

An universal oxygen-electrode, compatible to both oxygen- and proton-conducting solid oxide electrochemical cells (O-SOCs and H-SOCs, respectively), as well as for electricity and hydrogen production purpose is showcased.

In the perovskite oxide BaFeO 3 , inducing a tensile in-plane strain or introducing a larger radius cation suppresses the surface Ba enrichment. In turn, a reduced surface Ba concentration improves the surface electrocatalytic activity.

Rational engineering of the surfaces of heterogeneous catalysts (especially the surfaces of supported metals) can endow intriguing catalytic functionalities for electrochemical reactions. However, it often requires complicated steps, and even if it does not, breaking the trade-off between activity and stability is quite challenging. Herein, we present a strategy for reconstructing supported catalysts via in situ growth of metallic nanolayers from the perovskite oxide support. When Ru-coated LaFe_0.9Co_0.1O₃ is thermally reduced, the CoFe nanoalloy spontaneously migrates onto the Ru and greatly increases the physicochemical stability of Ru in alkaline water electrolysis. Benefiting from an 81% reduction in Ru dissolution after decoration, it operates for over 200 h without noticeable degradation. Furthermore, the underlying Ru modifies the electronic structure and surface adsorption properties of the CoFe overlayer toward reaction intermediates, synergistically catalyzing both the oxygen evolution reaction and the hydrogen evolution reaction. Specifically, the mass activity of the oxygen evolution reaction is 64.1 times greater than that of commercial RuO₂. Our work highlights a way to protect inherently unstable Ru from dissolution while allowing it to influence surface kinetics from the subsurface sites in heterogeneous catalysts.

Coronavirus can induce various diseases, from mild common cold to severe COVID-19. Coronavirus can be continuously prevalent, similar to the influenza virus, due to its frequent mutation of the RNA genome. Therefore, diverse methods are required to treat coronavirus-related diseases. Chrysanthemum zawadskii, found in Asian countries including Korea, has been traditionally used to treat various diseases, including cough, pneumonia, and common cold. However, the antiviral effects of Chrysanthemum zawadskii have not been reported yet. Here, we demonstrated that Chrysanthemum zawadskii ethanol extract (CZE) treatment interferes with the replication of alpha-coronavirus (HCoV-229E) and beta-coronavirus (HCoV-OC43). CZE treatment ameliorates beta-coronavirus-induced cytotoxicity and reduces plaque formation. CZE treatment inhibits the coronavirus protein and RNA expression, indicating CZE inhibits coronavirus replication. HPLC analysis showed that CZE contains many antiviral compounds, such as luteolin and isochlorogenic acid. These results indicate that CZE is a potent medicinal herb for treating coronavirus-related diseases.

ABSTRACT Solid oxide cells (SOCs) are promising energy conversion devices capable of efficiently converting electrical energy to chemical energy and vice versa. Enhancing efficiency and durability in SOCs necessitates a thorough understanding of the electrode's gas/solid interface, which is often hindered by the intricate structures of actual cells. Consequently, researchers have turned to thin‐film‐based model systems with well‐defined structures to advance this understanding. This review delves into the fundamental studies conducted using these systems to investigate phenomena at the electrode interfaces of SOCs. It systematically addresses how model electrodes are fabricated and assessed, along with the various phenomena that have been studied through these systems. Moreover, this review explores research areas within SOCs that require more in‐depth study, which can be facilitated by the use of thin‐film‐based model systems. In this review, we aim to underscore how simplified models can yield crucial insights into the interface dynamics of SOC electrodes, potentially steering the development of more efficient and stable SOCs. image

Abstract Grain boundaries (GB) profoundly influence the electrical properties of polycrystalline ionic solids. Yet, precise control of their transport characteristics has remained elusive, thereby limiting the performance of solid‐state electrochemical devices. Here, unprecedented manipulation of space charge controlled ionic grain boundary resistance (up to 12 orders of magnitude) in metal oxide thin films are demonstrated. The orders of magnitude higher grain boundary diffusivities of substrate cation elements (i.e., Al from Al 2 O 3 and Mg from MgO) relative to the bulk are exploited to modify the grain boundary chemistry, and thereby GB core charge, in a model oxygen ion conducting polycrystalline thin film solid electrolyte, Gd‐doped CeO 2 . This approach, confirmed jointly by TEM imaging and SIMS analysis, enabled us to selectively control the chemistry of the GBs, while minimally modifying grain (bulk) chemistry or film microstructure, thereby ruling out potential effects of microstructure, strain or secondary phases. Broad tuning of GB space charge potentials is achieved by manipulating GB core charge density by over an order of magnitude, thereby providing a powerful tool for systematic studies of grain boundary phenomena across various functional materials. The implications of such control are far‐reaching in achieving new functionality, improving efficiency, and longevity of solid‐state electrochemical devices.

This review comprehensively examines recent progress, identifies critical challenges, and outlines future directions for electricity-to-NH 3 interconversion in proton ceramic cells.

An universal oxygen-electrode, compatible to both oxygen- and proton-conducting solid oxide electrochemical cells (O-SOCs and H-SOCs, respectively), as well as for electricity and hydrogen production purpose is showcased.