It is necessary to provide education and strategies that help athletes regulate their mood using music. Further, the research on the effects of music in mood regulation, which can be expected to positively affect athletes' positive psychological capital and athletic performance, should be expanded.

Emotional eating or the tendency to eat in response to emotional states can be assessed using self-report measures. The Emotional Eating Scale-II is a commonly used and reliable instrument that measures the desire to eat in response to a range of unpleasant and pleasant emotions. The current study aimed to corroborate the validity of the EES-II and expand its utility by investigating its dimensionality and testing its measurement invariance in samples from English-speaking and non-English-speaking countries. Convergent and predictive validity in respect of food craving, eating, and health indicators were also examined. This cross-national study included a total of 2485 adult participants recruited from Finland, North America, Philippines, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Spain, and South Korea, who completed the EES-II in six different languages. Factor analyses supported a four-factor structure including valence (pleasant, unpleasant) and activation (high, low) for a 12-item English version and slightly modified non-English adaptations. The model exhibited good fit in all samples, and convergent validity was demonstrated. Full invariance of factor loadings and partial invariance of factor loading, intercepts, and error variances was established across samples. Structural equation models revealed that high activation (pleasant and unpleasant) states predicted food cravings and reported eating. Overall findings across multiple samples and countries supported the factorial structure, reliability, invariance, and validity of the resulting Brief Emotional Eating Scale (BEES).

It is necessary to provide education and strategies that help athletes regulate their mood using music. Further, the research on the effects of music in mood regulation, which can be expected to positively affect athletes' positive psychological capital and athletic performance, should be expanded.

Emotional eating or the tendency to eat in response to emotional states can be assessed using self-report measures. The Emotional Eating Scale-II is a commonly used and reliable instrument that measures the desire to eat in response to a range of unpleasant and pleasant emotions. The current study aimed to corroborate the validity of the EES-II and expand its utility by investigating its dimensionality and testing its measurement invariance in samples from English-speaking and non-English-speaking countries. Convergent and predictive validity in respect of food craving, eating, and health indicators were also examined. This cross-national study included a total of 2485 adult participants recruited from Finland, North America, Philippines, United Kingdom, China, Italy, Spain, and South Korea, who completed the EES-II in six different languages. Factor analyses supported a four-factor structure including valence (pleasant, unpleasant) and activation (high, low) for a 12-item English version and slightly modified non-English adaptations. The model exhibited good fit in all samples, and convergent validity was demonstrated. Full invariance of factor loadings and partial invariance of factor loading, intercepts, and error variances was established across samples. Structural equation models revealed that high activation (pleasant and unpleasant) states predicted food cravings and reported eating. Overall findings across multiple samples and countries supported the factorial structure, reliability, invariance, and validity of the resulting Brief Emotional Eating Scale (BEES).

As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic people have endured potentially stressful challenges which have influenced behaviors such as eating. This pilot study examined the effectiveness of two brief interventions aimed to help individuals deal with food cravings and associated emotional experiences. Participants were 165 individuals residing in United Kingdom, Finland, Philippines, Spain, Italy, Brazil, North America, South Korea, and China. The study was implemented remotely, thus without any contact with researchers, and involved two groups. Group one participants were requested to use daily diaries for seven consecutive days to assess the frequency of experience of their food cravings, frequency of giving in to cravings, and difficulty resisting cravings, as well as emotional states associated with their cravings. In addition to completing daily food diaries, participants in group two were asked to engage in mindful eating practice and forming implementation intentions. Participants assessed their perceived changes in eating, wellbeing, and health at the beginning and end of the intervention. Repeated measures MANOVAs indicated that participants experienced significantly less food cravings (i.e., craving experience, acting on cravings, difficulty resisting), as well as lower intensities of unpleasant states associated with cravings across time (T1 vs. T7). In contrast to our hypothesis, the main effects of the group (food craving diary vs. food craving diary and mindful eating practice) were not significant. Participants reported less eating and enhanced wellbeing at the end of the study (T7 vs. T1). Our findings can be used to inform future remote interventions to manage food cravings and associated emotions and highlight the need for alternative solutions to increase participant engagement.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was examine four key emotional factors—denial, pain, fear, and guilt—proposed by Heil (1999) as influential in athletes’ emotional responses to injury. It also sought to present conceptual strategies relevant to Taekwondo athletes within the context of sport culture. The goal was to provide a framework that enables coaches and sport rehabilitation professionals to manage the emotions of injured Taekwondo athletes more effectively.<br/> Method: A literature review methodology was employed to analyze theoretical frameworks related to emotional responses to sports injuries. The analysis integrated cognitive appraisal models, stage-based theories of emotional adaptation, and biopsychosocial perspectives on pain management, synthesizing findings from the fields of sport psychology, sport medicine, and behavioral medicine.<br/> Results: First, injured Taekwondo athletes exhibited a range of emotional responses throughout the injury process, which may influence rehabilitation outcomes. Second, long-term and continuous emotional management was identified as a critical factor for successful rehabilitation. Third, psychological interventions were found to be essential not only for injury prevention but also for the restoration and optimization of performance following injury. Fourth, pain, fear, and guilt played central roles in the emotional challenges experienced by injured athletes, while denial functioned as both an adaptive and maladaptive coping mechanism, depending on its context and intensity.<br/> Conclusion: The integration of psychological interventions involving coaches, medical staff, and sport psychologists may facilitate more effective emotional management and improve rehabilitation outcomes. Future research should incorporate qualitative methods to explore why some athletes struggle during rehabilitation, whereas others successfully return to high-level performance.

본 연구는 외국인 노동자의 유입이 한국의 각 연령대의 내국인 노동자의 고용에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 노동자 연령의 이질성을 고려하여 노동자를 15~29세(청년층), 30~49세(중년층), 50세 이상(노년층)으로 구분하였다. 2016년부터 2022년까지의 한국 16개 시, 도 대상으로 패널자료를 이용하여 각 연령대 외국인 노동자와 한국인 노동자의 관계를 실증적으로 분석하였다.분석결과 청년층 외국인 노동자의 유입은 청년층 한국인 노동자의 고용에 대해 부정적인 영향을 미치는 반면에 중년층 한국인 노동자의 고용에 대해 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 중년층 외국인 노동자의 유입은 노년층 한국인 노동자의 고용에 대해 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인하였다. 따라서 외국인 노동자는 청년층 한국인 노동자와 대체관계를 나타내지만 중년층 한국인 노동자와 보완관계를 나타낸다. 중년층 외국인 노동자는 노년층 한국인 노동자는 보완관계를 나타낸다. 이에 따라 본 연구는 정부가 외국인 노동자를 유입할 때 각 연령대 노동자의 특성을 고려한 정책을 수립하는 데 증거를 제공하고자 한다.

이 연구는 중등학교 축구 학생선수의 지도자 신뢰 척도를 개발하는데 목적이 있었다. 이를 위하여 중등학교 축구 학생선수 554명을 대상으로 설문지 조사를 실시하였으며, 척도 개발 절차에 따라 기술통계분석, 탐색적 요인분석, 확인적 요인분석을 통해 타당도와 신뢰도를 검증하였다. 분석 결과를 토대로 중등학교 학생선수의 지도자 신뢰 척도는 훈련지도 9문항, 개인적 특성 2문항, 생활지도 9문항의 3요인 20문항으로 개발하였다.