Determination of Material Requirements for 3D Gel Food Printing Using a Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printer
Jiwon In, Haeun Jeong, Sang‐Hoon Song, Sea C. Min
IF 5.1
Foods
The material requirements for printing gel food with a fused deposition modeling 3D printer were determined based on fidelity, shape retention, and extrudability, as described by the rheological parameters of storage modulus (G'), yield stress (τ<sub>0</sub>), and phase angle (δ). The material requirements were determined for printing gel food using three formulations containing gelatin, gelatin and pectin, and gum mixture as the gelling agents. As compared with formulations based on gelatin alone, pectin-containing gelatin-based formulations yielded higher δ and lower G' and τ<sub>0</sub> values, while gum mixture-based formulations formed a gel with higher G' and δ values and a wider range of τ<sub>0</sub>. Overall, this study presents quantitative material requirements for printing gel products containing gelatin, gelatin-pectin, and gum mixtures.
Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub><i>x</i></sub>Cr<sup>3+</sup><sub>2–<i>x</i></sub>Cr<sup>6+</sup><sub>4</sub>O<sub>15</sub>: A High-Capacity Cathode Material Synthesized Using an Ion-Exchange Chromatographic Method for Li-Ion Batteries
Sang‐Hoon Song, J. A. Alonso
IF 8.2
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
An advanced ion-exchange method using resin was employed to produce a novel cathode material, Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub><i>x</i></sub>Cr<sup>3+</sup><sub>2-<i>x</i></sub>Cr<sup>6+</sup><sub>4</sub>O<sub>15</sub> (0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 2), where some of the Cr<sup>3+</sup> ions at the octahedral sites of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> were substituted with Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions. The battery cell test and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, Cr<sub>8</sub>O<sub>21</sub>, and Fe<sub>1.5</sub>Cr<sub>4.5</sub>O<sub>15</sub> indicate a change in the capacity from 210 to 280 and 350 mA h g<sup>-1</sup> with a change in the Cr<sup>6+</sup>/Cr<sup>3+</sup> atomic ratio from 2 to 3 and 8 for Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, Cr<sub>8</sub>O<sub>21</sub>, and Fe<sub>1.5</sub>Cr<sub>4.5</sub>O<sub>15</sub>, respectively. The discharge capacity of the compound with the crystallographic formula Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub>1.5</sub>Cr<sup>3+</sup><sub>0.5</sub>(Cr<sup>6+</sup>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(Cr<sup>6+</sup><sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>) is, by far, the highest reported capacity for transition metal oxide electrodes in the voltage range of 2.0-4.5 V vs Li<sup>+</sup>/Li<sup>0</sup>.
Preparation of Poly-1-butene Nanofiber Mat and Its Application as Shutdown Layer of Next Generation Lithium Ion Battery
Hanjin Jeong, Sohee Kim, Manjae Gil, Sang‐Hoon Song, Tae‐Ho Kim, Kyung Jin Lee
IF 4.9
Polymers
Nonwoven nanofiber webs from polyolefin show great potential in various fields such as nanofilters, high performance membranes and separators in lithium ion batteries (LiB). Although nonwoven microfiber webs can be obtained by the well-established melt-blown method, it is relatively difficult to produce nonwoven nanofiber web using polyolefin (polyethylene and polypropylene). There have been several reports on the preparation of polyolefin nanofibers by melt-electrospinning, although this approach presents several intrinsic disadvantages, i.e., high processing costs, the requirement of complex equipment, and poor control over pore size or fiber diameter. Solution-based electrospinning has the potential to overcome the drawbacks of melt-electrospinning, but the solubility of most polyolefin is poor. In this study, we found that poly-1-butene, a member of the poly(alpha-olefin) family, can be used in the electrospinning process. We set the concentration of the polymeric solution for electrospinning at 0.65-1.7 g/mL. Here, we report on the fabrication of nonwoven fiber webs composed of poly-1-butene and their copolymers. The diameter of the nonwoven fiber mat was 0.2-0.4 μm, which can be applicable for shutdown layer. As a representative application, we prepared a poly-1-butene nanofiber separator with an appropriate pore size by electrospinning for use as the shut-down layer of a next-generation LiB. The PB-based nanofiber mat provided shutdown ability at around 100 to 120 °C.
Lithium Ion Intercalation Performance of Niobium Oxides: KNb<sub>5</sub>O<sub>13</sub> and K<sub>6</sub>Nb<sub>10.8</sub>O<sub>30</sub>
Jiantao Han, Dongqiang Liu, Sang‐Hoon Song, Youngsik Kim, John B. Goodenough
IF 7
Chemistry of Materials
Polycrystalline KNb5O13 and K6Nb10.8O30 were prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction. The position of the Nb5+/Nb4+ couple in two oxide hosts, KNb5O13 and K6Nb10.8O30, that exhibit reversible Li insertion in the targeted voltage range, 1.0−1.5 V.
Enzymatic Synthesis and Properties of Highly Branched Rice Starch Amylose and Amylopectin Cluster
Chang‐Kyu Lee, Quang‐Tri Le, Yung-Hee Kim, Jae‐Hoon Shim, Seungjae Lee, Jin-Hee Park, Kang‐Pyo Lee, Sang‐Hoon Song, Joong‐Hyuck Auh, Sung‐Joon Lee, Kwan‐Hwa Park
IF 6.2
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
We enzymatically modified rice starch to produce highly branched amylopectin and amylose and analyzed the resulting structural changes. To prepare the highly branched amylopectin cluster (HBAPC), we first treated waxy rice starch with Thermus scotoductus alpha-glucanotransferase (TSalphaGT), followed by treatment with Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase (BSMA). Highly branched amylose (HBA) was prepared by incubating amylose with Bacillus subtilis 168 branching enzyme (BBE) and subsequently treating it with BSMA. The molecular weight of TSalphaGT-treated waxy rice starch was reduced from 8.9 x 10(8) to 1.2 x 10(5) Da, indicating that the alpha-1,4 glucosidic linkage of the segment between amylopectin clusters was hydrolyzed. Analysis of the amylopectin cluster side chains revealed that a rearrangement in the side-chain length distribution occurred. Furthermore, HBAPC and HBA were found to contain significant numbers of branched maltooligosaccharide side chains. In short, amylopectin molecules of waxy rice starch were hydrolyzed into amylopectin clusters by TSalphaGT in the enzymatic modification process, and then further branched by transglycosylation using BSMA. HBAPC and HBA showed higher water solubility and stability against retrogradation than amylopectin clusters or branched amylose. The hydrolysis rates of HBAPC and HBA by glucoamylase and alpha-amylase greatly decreased. The k cat/ K m value of glucoamylase acting on the amylopectin cluster was 45.94 s(-1)(mg/mL)(-1) and that for glucoamylase acting on HBAPC was 11.10 s(-1)(mg/mL)(-1), indicating that HBAPC was 4-fold less susceptible to glucoamylase. The k cat/ K m value for HBA was 15.90 s(-1)(mg/mL)(-1), or about three times less than that for branched amylose. The k cat/ K m values of porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase for HBAPC and HBA were 496 and 588 s(-1)(mg/mL)(-1), respectively, indicating that HBA and HBAPC are less susceptible to hydrolysis by glucoamylase and alpha-amylase. HBAPC and HBA show potential as novel glucan polymers with low digestibility and high water solubility.
Determination of Material Requirements for 3D Gel Food Printing Using a Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printer
Jiwon In, Haeun Jeong, Sang‐Hoon Song, Sea C. Min
IF 5.1
Foods
The material requirements for printing gel food with a fused deposition modeling 3D printer were determined based on fidelity, shape retention, and extrudability, as described by the rheological parameters of storage modulus (G'), yield stress (τ<sub>0</sub>), and phase angle (δ). The material requirements were determined for printing gel food using three formulations containing gelatin, gelatin and pectin, and gum mixture as the gelling agents. As compared with formulations based on gelatin alone, pectin-containing gelatin-based formulations yielded higher δ and lower G' and τ<sub>0</sub> values, while gum mixture-based formulations formed a gel with higher G' and δ values and a wider range of τ<sub>0</sub>. Overall, this study presents quantitative material requirements for printing gel products containing gelatin, gelatin-pectin, and gum mixtures.
Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub><i>x</i></sub>Cr<sup>3+</sup><sub>2–<i>x</i></sub>Cr<sup>6+</sup><sub>4</sub>O<sub>15</sub>: A High-Capacity Cathode Material Synthesized Using an Ion-Exchange Chromatographic Method for Li-Ion Batteries
Sang‐Hoon Song, J. A. Alonso
IF 8.2
ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
An advanced ion-exchange method using resin was employed to produce a novel cathode material, Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub><i>x</i></sub>Cr<sup>3+</sup><sub>2-<i>x</i></sub>Cr<sup>6+</sup><sub>4</sub>O<sub>15</sub> (0 ≤ <i>x</i> ≤ 2), where some of the Cr<sup>3+</sup> ions at the octahedral sites of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> were substituted with Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions. The battery cell test and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, Cr<sub>8</sub>O<sub>21</sub>, and Fe<sub>1.5</sub>Cr<sub>4.5</sub>O<sub>15</sub> indicate a change in the capacity from 210 to 280 and 350 mA h g<sup>-1</sup> with a change in the Cr<sup>6+</sup>/Cr<sup>3+</sup> atomic ratio from 2 to 3 and 8 for Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, Cr<sub>8</sub>O<sub>21</sub>, and Fe<sub>1.5</sub>Cr<sub>4.5</sub>O<sub>15</sub>, respectively. The discharge capacity of the compound with the crystallographic formula Fe<sup>3+</sup><sub>1.5</sub>Cr<sup>3+</sup><sub>0.5</sub>(Cr<sup>6+</sup>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(Cr<sup>6+</sup><sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>) is, by far, the highest reported capacity for transition metal oxide electrodes in the voltage range of 2.0-4.5 V vs Li<sup>+</sup>/Li<sup>0</sup>.
Preparation of Poly-1-butene Nanofiber Mat and Its Application as Shutdown Layer of Next Generation Lithium Ion Battery
Hanjin Jeong, Sohee Kim, Manjae Gil, Sang‐Hoon Song, Tae‐Ho Kim, Kyung Jin Lee
IF 4.9
Polymers
Nonwoven nanofiber webs from polyolefin show great potential in various fields such as nanofilters, high performance membranes and separators in lithium ion batteries (LiB). Although nonwoven microfiber webs can be obtained by the well-established melt-blown method, it is relatively difficult to produce nonwoven nanofiber web using polyolefin (polyethylene and polypropylene). There have been several reports on the preparation of polyolefin nanofibers by melt-electrospinning, although this approach presents several intrinsic disadvantages, i.e., high processing costs, the requirement of complex equipment, and poor control over pore size or fiber diameter. Solution-based electrospinning has the potential to overcome the drawbacks of melt-electrospinning, but the solubility of most polyolefin is poor. In this study, we found that poly-1-butene, a member of the poly(alpha-olefin) family, can be used in the electrospinning process. We set the concentration of the polymeric solution for electrospinning at 0.65-1.7 g/mL. Here, we report on the fabrication of nonwoven fiber webs composed of poly-1-butene and their copolymers. The diameter of the nonwoven fiber mat was 0.2-0.4 μm, which can be applicable for shutdown layer. As a representative application, we prepared a poly-1-butene nanofiber separator with an appropriate pore size by electrospinning for use as the shut-down layer of a next-generation LiB. The PB-based nanofiber mat provided shutdown ability at around 100 to 120 °C.
Lithium Ion Intercalation Performance of Niobium Oxides: KNb<sub>5</sub>O<sub>13</sub> and K<sub>6</sub>Nb<sub>10.8</sub>O<sub>30</sub>
Jiantao Han, Dongqiang Liu, Sang‐Hoon Song, Youngsik Kim, John B. Goodenough
IF 7
Chemistry of Materials
Polycrystalline KNb5O13 and K6Nb10.8O30 were prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction. The position of the Nb5+/Nb4+ couple in two oxide hosts, KNb5O13 and K6Nb10.8O30, that exhibit reversible Li insertion in the targeted voltage range, 1.0−1.5 V.
Enzymatic Synthesis and Properties of Highly Branched Rice Starch Amylose and Amylopectin Cluster
Chang‐Kyu Lee, Quang‐Tri Le, Yung-Hee Kim, Jae‐Hoon Shim, Seungjae Lee, Jin-Hee Park, Kang‐Pyo Lee, Sang‐Hoon Song, Joong‐Hyuck Auh, Sung‐Joon Lee, Kwan‐Hwa Park
IF 6.2
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
We enzymatically modified rice starch to produce highly branched amylopectin and amylose and analyzed the resulting structural changes. To prepare the highly branched amylopectin cluster (HBAPC), we first treated waxy rice starch with Thermus scotoductus alpha-glucanotransferase (TSalphaGT), followed by treatment with Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase (BSMA). Highly branched amylose (HBA) was prepared by incubating amylose with Bacillus subtilis 168 branching enzyme (BBE) and subsequently treating it with BSMA. The molecular weight of TSalphaGT-treated waxy rice starch was reduced from 8.9 x 10(8) to 1.2 x 10(5) Da, indicating that the alpha-1,4 glucosidic linkage of the segment between amylopectin clusters was hydrolyzed. Analysis of the amylopectin cluster side chains revealed that a rearrangement in the side-chain length distribution occurred. Furthermore, HBAPC and HBA were found to contain significant numbers of branched maltooligosaccharide side chains. In short, amylopectin molecules of waxy rice starch were hydrolyzed into amylopectin clusters by TSalphaGT in the enzymatic modification process, and then further branched by transglycosylation using BSMA. HBAPC and HBA showed higher water solubility and stability against retrogradation than amylopectin clusters or branched amylose. The hydrolysis rates of HBAPC and HBA by glucoamylase and alpha-amylase greatly decreased. The k cat/ K m value of glucoamylase acting on the amylopectin cluster was 45.94 s(-1)(mg/mL)(-1) and that for glucoamylase acting on HBAPC was 11.10 s(-1)(mg/mL)(-1), indicating that HBAPC was 4-fold less susceptible to glucoamylase. The k cat/ K m value for HBA was 15.90 s(-1)(mg/mL)(-1), or about three times less than that for branched amylose. The k cat/ K m values of porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase for HBAPC and HBA were 496 and 588 s(-1)(mg/mL)(-1), respectively, indicating that HBA and HBAPC are less susceptible to hydrolysis by glucoamylase and alpha-amylase. HBAPC and HBA show potential as novel glucan polymers with low digestibility and high water solubility.
Design of Trading Model for BESS in Energy Market Considering Charging and Discharging Efficiency Control
Sang‐Hoon Song
With the steady development of electricity market reform and major breakthroughs in energy storage technology, how to improve the market mechanism and trading model to better adapt to the characteristics of energy storage and encourage energy storage to better play a positive role in the operation of the power system deserves in-depth discussion. This paper proposes a trading model for energy storage in energy market considering charge and discharge efficiency control. The model treats the charge and discharge efficiency as a decision variable, and optimizes the value of efficiency. The simulation analysis verifies the effectiveness of the proposed model. The proposed model provides a reference for the improvement of existing trading models.
Effect of landfill in-situ aeration with novel air amplifier: A case study
Sang‐Hoon Song, Ran-Hui Kim, Sang Min Kim, Namhoon Lee, Jin-Kyu Park
IF 3
Environmental Engineering Research
Landfill aeration may cause economic problems due to the amount of power consumed by blowers. Thus, this study proposes the use of an air amplifier to reduce the power consumption of air injection into landfills. The developed air amplifier is an aerodynamic device that induces a large amount of airflow using a small quantity of compressed air caused by the Coanda effect. Field experiment results demonstrated that the use of the air amplifier reduced power consumption by at least 90% and showed an air amplification effect of approximately 3.5 times compared with existing in-situ aeration systems. After aeration, the methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) reduction efficiency was 90.3%. The CH<sub>4</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> ratio was 0.12 (0.06–0.25) on average, and the CH<sub>4</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> ratio decreased as the oxygen concentration increased. Thus, the air amplifier is a low-cost solution for landfill aeration systems. In addition, aeration using existing leachate collection and drainage pipes was found to be more economical than air injection using air injection wells. However, despite the air injection, approximately 20% of organic carbon was decomposed anaerobically. The CH<sub>4</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub> ratio range of 0.56–0.90 was presented as a criterion for categorizing a landfill as semi-aerobic.
The Effects of HCA Intake and Aerobic Exercise far 8-Weeks on Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity Related Hormones in Obese Elderly Women
군산대학교, 대학원, Sang‐Hoon Song, Ok-Seon Ko, Sin-Young Song, Hongkwan Cho
The Korea Journal of Sport
본 연구에서는 비만노인 여성들을 대상으로 8주간 HCA섭취(1일 2회, 2,000mg)와 에어로빅운동이 대사증후군 및 비만관련호르몬에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보기 위하여, HCA섭취와 에어로빅운동 집단 7명, 에어로빅운동군 7명, 위약섭취군 7명으로 구성하였다. 본 연구에서 도출된 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 대사증후군의 중성지방에서 집단과 시점간의 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 하지만 세집단 모두 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 비만관련호르몬의 인슐 린에서 집단과 시점간의 상호작용 효과가 나타났다. 특히 HCA섭취와 에어로빅운동 집단에서만 유의한 차이가 나타났 다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합해보면, 8주간 HCA섭취가 비만노인 여성들의 대사증후군 및 비만관련호르몬에서 다소 미비 한 결과를 보였다. 따라서, 추후 연구에서는 HCA섭취 기간과 섭취량을 고려한 다양한 연구가 이루어져야 하겠다.
