Using GPE performance gaps (the difference between actual and standard levels of performance), this article explores the relationship between the GPE outcomes of public organizations and their environmental performance (EP). We utilize Korean GPE data related to qualitative/quantitative and financial/non-financial performance indicators that the government uses to evaluate public organizations. The GPE does not cover every important environmental activity in which public organizations may engage; the EP measure can incorporate results from all environmental activities, even those excluded from the GPE. Our investigation revealed that the EP of public organizations varied according to their GPE performance gaps. Low GPE performers favored GPE-included environmental activities over GPE-excluded environmental activities, but high GPE performers engaged in environmental activities were excluded from the GPE. A negativity bias occurs when public organizations adjust their environmental activities in response to GPE performance gaps. For environmental activities excluded from the GPE, low GPE performers avoided them more than high GPE performers engaged in them. These findings indicate the importance of a well-designed organizational performance evaluation for balanced engagement in environmental initiatives. This article is of theoretical interest to academics and has practical value for practitioners.

Government relief aid policies are vitally important in response to disasters. Based on the literature on the politics of natural disasters, this article examines the effect on the election results of local governments’ policy announcements in response to a pandemic. Using data from the 2020 Korean general election with the Instrumental Variable methodology, both the announcement and the provision of relief aid contributed to the victory of the ruling party’s candidates. Management of both supply-side and demand-side relief aid policies affects election results. Lastly, the relationship between the announcement and the election is also affected by the characteristics of local governments (e.g. population size and partisanship).

Using GPE performance gaps (the difference between actual and standard levels of performance), this article explores the relationship between the GPE outcomes of public organizations and their environmental performance (EP). We utilize Korean GPE data related to qualitative/quantitative and financial/non-financial performance indicators that the government uses to evaluate public organizations. The GPE does not cover every important environmental activity in which public organizations may engage; the EP measure can incorporate results from all environmental activities, even those excluded from the GPE. Our investigation revealed that the EP of public organizations varied according to their GPE performance gaps. Low GPE performers favored GPE-included environmental activities over GPE-excluded environmental activities, but high GPE performers engaged in environmental activities were excluded from the GPE. A negativity bias occurs when public organizations adjust their environmental activities in response to GPE performance gaps. For environmental activities excluded from the GPE, low GPE performers avoided them more than high GPE performers engaged in them. These findings indicate the importance of a well-designed organizational performance evaluation for balanced engagement in environmental initiatives. This article is of theoretical interest to academics and has practical value for practitioners.

Government relief aid policies are vitally important in response to disasters. Based on the literature on the politics of natural disasters, this article examines the effect on the election results of local governments’ policy announcements in response to a pandemic. Using data from the 2020 Korean general election with the Instrumental Variable methodology, both the announcement and the provision of relief aid contributed to the victory of the ruling party’s candidates. Management of both supply-side and demand-side relief aid policies affects election results. Lastly, the relationship between the announcement and the election is also affected by the characteristics of local governments (e.g. population size and partisanship).

We examined the effects of three factors on whether and how local governments provide relief aid to their citizens in the context of the COVID-19 crisis: the demand side (electoral competitiveness), the supply side (fiscal capacity) and the severity of the crisis (the number of confirmed cases). Our findings indicate that local governments with lower electoral competitiveness chose the targeting method over the universal method. Those with stronger fiscal capacity tended to provide relief aid using the targeting method. For those in areas with few confirmed cases, the universal method was favoured. While the results for individual relief aid were consistent with those for the entire sample, the results for business relief aid were not.

Cet article permet de mieux comprendre la relation entre la sanction et la performance dans les organisations. Nous analysons les données coréennes sur les performances et les sanctions de la manière suivante. Alors que la littérature antérieure s’est concentrée sur l’effet de la sanction sur la performance, cet article examine l’effet des écarts de performance sur la sanction. Basé sur la théorie comportementale, la théorie des points de référence stratégiques et la théorie du principal-agent, notre article met en lumière la relation négative entre les écarts de performance (cause) et la sanction (effet). L’article démontre que les personnes peu performantes sont plus souvent sanctionnées et que les personnes très performantes le sont moins (c’est-à-dire un biais de négativité). Nos résultats montrent également que les organisations privilégient les sanctions légères par rapport aux sanctions lourdes lorsqu’elles sanctionnent leurs employés en fonction de leurs performances. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Les organisations peu performantes sont plus souvent sanctionnées et les organisations très performantes le sont moins souvent. La mesure dans laquelle les performances insuffisantes aggravent la sanction est supérieure à la mesure dans laquelle les performances positives réduisent la sanction. Les organisations privilégient les sanctions légères aux sanctions lourdes lorsqu’elles sanctionnent les salariés en fonction de leurs performances.

Abstract Recent studies focused on the pandemic's effect on elections, examining partial government interventions (e.g., lockdowns) or a specific area within a country. Governments have taken a variety of nationwide measures in reaction to the pandemic, and they may or may not be working in the best interests of citizens. If citizens believe that a government demonstrates competence, benevolence and honesty in making pandemic‐related decisions, trust in that government may grow, affecting election results. Using data for trust in government and nationwide elections during the pandemic in South Korea, we find that trust in government completely mediates the relationship between the number of confirmed cases of COVID‐19 and the results of elections (i.e., ruling party's win and vote share).

선행연구는 데이터거버넌스를 정보학적 측면에서 내부시스템에서 생산되는 데이터의 유통 및관리에 초점을 두고 있다. 그러나 정책학적 측면에서 데이터에 기반한 정책지원을 위해서는 재정, 행정, 민간데이터 등 기관간 데이터의 연계를 위한 네트워크의 형성과, 개방 및 활용을 고려한 확장된 데이터거버넌스를 고찰할 필요가 있다. 또한 정부재정의 데이터거버넌스는 각 재정 운영주체의 재정운영 기반위에서 구축되어야 하며 투명성과 객관성, 적시성과 유용성, 통합과 분산의 원칙 등 재정데이터의 원칙을 준수할 수 있어야 한다. 이러한 측면에서 국가재정과 지방 재정의 데이터거버넌스를 각각 내부데이터 관리, 외부데이터 연계, 재정데이터의 개방 및 활용 3가지 개념요소로 구분한다. 그리고 3가지 개념요소별로 기획재정부와 행정안전부의 추진정책을 검토하고 재정데이터의 원칙을 적용해 봄으로써, 재정데이터거버넌스의 구축과 관련된 주요 쟁점과 개선방안을 모색하였다.

This article expands understanding of the relationship between punishment and performance in organisations. We analyse Korean data on performance and punishment as follows. While prior literature has focused on the effect of punishment on performance, this article examines the effect of performance gaps on punishment. Based on behavioural theory, strategic reference point theory and principal–agent theory, it sheds light on the negative relationship between performance gaps (cause) and punishment (effect). The article demonstrates that low performers are more often punished and high performers less so (i.e. a negativity bias). Our results also show that organisations prioritise light punishment over heavy punishment when disciplining employees in response to performance. Points for practitioners Low-performing organisations are more often punished and high-performing organisations less often so. The degree to which negative performance increases punishment is greater than that to which positive performance decreases punishment. Organisations prioritise light punishment over heavy punishment when disciplining employees in response to performance.

This study investigated the operation patterns of elementary schools in Busan and Gyeongnam during COVID-19 pandemic. Student attendance patterns and cafeteria operation patterns are investigated by searching internet homepage. Many elementary schools mainly adopted all attendance method and classification by grade method during social distancing level 1. During social distancing level 1.5~2, classification by grade are generally implemented. Classification by individual student that can reduce occupancy density in a class is implemented only by 2.4~3.6%. Full online classes are also hardly implemented with an average of only 1.6% in first and second semester of 2020. For the cafeteria operation, two parties rotation method are commonly used in second semester of 2020. In other words, density control within the classroom to reduce the number of infected, has rarely been performed. According to the attendance patterns investigated, it is clearly required to reduce occupancy density of elementary school classrooms in pandemic situation. If reducing occupant density in a classroom is difficult, other measures to reduce the risk of infection, such as increased ventilation or physical separation, should be fully considered.