The rapid development of smart technologies is accelerating the growing demand for microscale energy storage devices. This work reports a facile and practical approach to fabricating interdigitated graphene micro-patterns through the LSC process accompanied by the l-ascorbic acid (L-AA) and preheating treatment. Our work offered a higher degree of GO reduction than the conventional microfabrication. It significantly shortened the overall processing time to obtain the micro-patterns with improved electrical and electrochemical performances. The interdigitated MSC composed of 16 electrodes exhibited a high capacitance of 14.1 F/cm³, energy density of 1.78 mWh/cm³, and power density of 69.9 mW/cm³. Furthermore, the fabricated MSC device demonstrated excellent cycling stability of 88.2% after 10,000 GCD cycles and a high rate capability of 81.1% at a current density of 1.00 A/cm³. The fabrication process provides an effective means for producing high-performance MSCs for miniaturized electronic devices.

Three-dimensional printing is regarded as a future-oriented additive manufacturing technology that is making significant contributions to the field of polymer processing. Among the 3D printing methods, the DLP (digital light processing) technique has attracted great interest because it requires a short printing time and enables high-quality printing through selective light curing of polymeric materials. In this study, we report a fabrication method for ABS-like resin composites containing polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers and graphene flakes suitable for DLP 3D printing. As-prepared ABS-like resin composite inks employing PANI nanofibers and graphene flakes as co-fillers were successfully printed, obtaining highly conductive and mechanically robust products with the desired shapes and different sizes through DLP 3D printing. The sheet resistance of the 3D-printed composites was reduced from 2.50 × 10¹⁵ ohm/sq (sheet resistance of pristine ABS-like resin) to 1.61 × 10⁶ ohm/sq by adding 3.0 wt.% of PANI nanofibers and 1.5 wt.% of graphene flakes. Furthermore, the AP3.0G1.5 sample (the 3D-printed composite containing 3.0 wt.% of PANI nanofibers and 1.5 wt.% of graphene flakes) exhibited 2.63 times (22.23 MPa) higher tensile strength, 1.47 times (553.8 MPa) higher Young's modulus, and 5.07 times (25.83%) higher elongation at break values compared to the pristine ABS-like resin with a tensile strength of 8.46 MPa, a Young's modulus of 376.6 MPa, and an elongation at break of 5.09%. Our work suggests the potential use of highly conductive and mechanically robust ABS-like resin composites in the 3D printing industry. This article not only provides optimized DLP 3D printing conditions for the ABS-like resin, which has both the advantages of the ABS resin and the advantages of a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), but also presents the effective manufacturing process of ABS-like resin composites with significantly improved conductivity and mechanical properties.

The rapid development of smart technologies is accelerating the growing demand for microscale energy storage devices. This work reports a facile and practical approach to fabricating interdigitated graphene micro-patterns through the LSC process accompanied by the l-ascorbic acid (L-AA) and preheating treatment. Our work offered a higher degree of GO reduction than the conventional microfabrication. It significantly shortened the overall processing time to obtain the micro-patterns with improved electrical and electrochemical performances. The interdigitated MSC composed of 16 electrodes exhibited a high capacitance of 14.1 F/cm³, energy density of 1.78 mWh/cm³, and power density of 69.9 mW/cm³. Furthermore, the fabricated MSC device demonstrated excellent cycling stability of 88.2% after 10,000 GCD cycles and a high rate capability of 81.1% at a current density of 1.00 A/cm³. The fabrication process provides an effective means for producing high-performance MSCs for miniaturized electronic devices.

Three-dimensional printing is regarded as a future-oriented additive manufacturing technology that is making significant contributions to the field of polymer processing. Among the 3D printing methods, the DLP (digital light processing) technique has attracted great interest because it requires a short printing time and enables high-quality printing through selective light curing of polymeric materials. In this study, we report a fabrication method for ABS-like resin composites containing polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers and graphene flakes suitable for DLP 3D printing. As-prepared ABS-like resin composite inks employing PANI nanofibers and graphene flakes as co-fillers were successfully printed, obtaining highly conductive and mechanically robust products with the desired shapes and different sizes through DLP 3D printing. The sheet resistance of the 3D-printed composites was reduced from 2.50 × 10¹⁵ ohm/sq (sheet resistance of pristine ABS-like resin) to 1.61 × 10⁶ ohm/sq by adding 3.0 wt.% of PANI nanofibers and 1.5 wt.% of graphene flakes. Furthermore, the AP3.0G1.5 sample (the 3D-printed composite containing 3.0 wt.% of PANI nanofibers and 1.5 wt.% of graphene flakes) exhibited 2.63 times (22.23 MPa) higher tensile strength, 1.47 times (553.8 MPa) higher Young's modulus, and 5.07 times (25.83%) higher elongation at break values compared to the pristine ABS-like resin with a tensile strength of 8.46 MPa, a Young's modulus of 376.6 MPa, and an elongation at break of 5.09%. Our work suggests the potential use of highly conductive and mechanically robust ABS-like resin composites in the 3D printing industry. This article not only provides optimized DLP 3D printing conditions for the ABS-like resin, which has both the advantages of the ABS resin and the advantages of a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE), but also presents the effective manufacturing process of ABS-like resin composites with significantly improved conductivity and mechanical properties.

｢독점규제 및 공정거래에 관한 법률｣이 정하는 공정거래위원회의 조사권은 계속 그 범위가 확장되고 있으며 그에 대한 해석 문제의 중요성은 간과할 수 없는 법적 과제라 할 수 있다. 공정거래법의 조사권은 같은 법이 정하는 조사방해죄 구성요건에 의하여 그 범위가 결정된다고 할 수 있는데, 공정거래위원회의 조사는 원칙적으로 상대방의 동의를 전제로 하는 것임에도 조사방해죄 규정에 의하여 사실상 강제조사로 그 법적 성격이 전환된 것이 아닌지라는 의문이 제기되고 있다.<br/> 공정거래법은 강제처분에 준하는 권한을 행사하는 방법으로 형사소송법에 의하는 방법(특별사법경찰), 행정조사와 수사의 중간적 성격을 가지는 절차를 정하는 방법(범칙조사) 중 어디에도 해당하지 않는 이른바 ‘제3의 길’ 을 택하고 있다. 즉, 조사방해죄라는 형벌조항을 통하여 사실상의 강제 조사 권한을 취득하는 것이다. 특별사법경찰과 범칙조사 제도는 적어도 이론상으로는 목적을 위해 부여된 권한과 그에 비례한 통제 수단을 규정함으로써 권한과 그에 대한 감시가 균형을 이루도록 고안된 것이다. 달리 말하면, 헌법상 비례원칙을 대전제로 하여 구현된 제도이다. 법관에 의한 사법 통제를 통해 강제처분이 필요한지에 대한 판단의 객관성이 담보되도록 하고 권한 행사 과정도 법률에 따라 엄격히 통제되도록 하는 전제에서 그에 상응하는 규범력을 제공하는 것이다. 그러나 공정거래법이 취한 방식은 그러한 균형이 무너지게 할 우려가 있다는 점에 문제의 핵심이 있다.<br/> 공무집행방해죄, 조사방해죄와 같은 처벌 규정은 절차법상 권한의 범위를 구체적으로 결정하는 기능을 한다. 따라서 실체법의 구성요건을 해석할 때 절차법상 권한의 법적 성질, 적법절차 원칙, 영장주의 등을 고려해야 한다. 그렇지 아니한다면 처벌 규정의 해석을 통해 절차법상 권한의 실질적인 성격까지 변화할 것이기 때문이다. 이러한 점에서 형법상 공무집행방해죄나 공정거래법상 조사방해죄의 해석은 ‘실체법과 절차법이 교차하는 지점’이라 할 수 있다. 특히 조사방해죄에서 “현장 진입 저지․지연”, “자료의 접근거부” 등의 해석이 쟁점이 되고 있다. 본 문헌에서는 이러한 관점을 기초로 공정거래법상 조사방해죄의 해석론을 검토하였다.

In this work, we report a facile way to control crystalline structures of polyketone (PK) films by combining plasma surface treatment with chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique. The crystalline structure of PKs grown on plasma-treated graphene and the resulting thermal and mechanical properties were systematically discussed. Every graphene sheet used in this work was produced by CVD method and the production of PKs having different crystallinity were performed on the O₂- and N₂-doped graphene sheets. It was evident that the CVD-grown graphene sheets acted as the nucleating agents for promoting the crystallization of β-form PK, while suppressing the growth of α-form PK crystals. Regardless of the increase in surface roughness of graphene, surface functionality of the CVD-grown graphene was found to be an important factor in determining the crystalline structure of PK. N₂ plasma treatment of the CVD-grown graphene promoted growth of the β-form PK, whereas the O₂ plasma treatment of CVD graphene led to transformation of the unoriented β-form PK into the oriented α-form PK. Thus, the resulting thermal and mechanical properties of the PKs were highly dependent on the surface functionality of the CVD graphene. The method of controlling crystalline structure of the PKs suggested in this study, is expected to be very effective in realizing the PK with good processability, heat resistance and mechanical properties.

Citrus is the largest grown fruit crop on the globe with an annual production of ~110–124 million tons. Approximately, 45–55% of the whole fruit post-processing is generally discarded as waste by the food processing industries. The waste is a huge problem to the environment in terms of land and water pollution along with displeasure from aesthetic viewpoint and spread of diseases owing to its huge content of fermentable sugars. The waste can be utilized as a raw material feedstock for producing a number of valuable chemicals and products, such as bioethanol, biogas, bio-oil, organic acids, enzymes, and so on. The production of these chemicals from waste biomass gives an inexpensive alternative to the harsh chemicals used during industrial synthesis processes as well as the possibility of controlling pollution from the waste discarded to the environment. The derived chemicals can be further utilized in the production of industrially important chemicals, as solvents and building blocks of newer chemicals. Furthermore, organic acids, pectin, enzymes, prebiotics, etc., derived from citrus wastes have an edge over their synthetic counterparts in practical applications in the food processing and pharmaceutical industries.

Conducting polymers are often used as sensor electrodes due to their conjugated chain structure, which leads to high sensitivity and rapid response at room temperature. Numerous studies have been conducted on the structures of conducting polymer nanomaterials to increase the active surface area for the target materials. However, studies on the control of the chemical state of conducting polymer chains and the modification of the sensing signal transfer with these changes have not been reported. In this work, polypyrrole nanoparticles (PPyNPs), where is PPy is a conducting polymer, are applied as a sensor transducer to analyze the chemical sensing ability of the electrode. In particular, the protonation of PPy is adjusted by chemical methods to modify the transfer sensing signals with changes in the polymer chain structure. The PPyNPs that were modified at pH 1 exhibit high sensitivity to the target analyte (down to 1 ppb of NH3) with short response and recovery times of less than 20 s and 50 s, respectively, at 25 °C.

Citrus waste includes peels, pulp and membrane residue and seeds, constituting approximately 40-60% of the whole fruit. This amount exceeds ~110-120 million tons annually worldwide. Recent investigations have been focused on developing newer techniques to explore various applications of the chemicals obtained from the citrus wastes. The organic acids obtained from citrus waste can be utilized in developing biodegradable polymers and functional materials for food processing, chemical and pharmaceutical industries. The peel microstructures have been investigated to create bio-inspired materials. The peel residue can be processed to produce fibers and fabrics, 3D printed materials, carbon nanodots for bio-imaging, energy storage materials and nanostructured materials for various applications so as to leave no waste at all. The article reviews recent advances in scientific investigations to produce valuable products from citrus wastes and possibilities of innovating future materials and promote zero remaining waste for a cleaner environment for future generation.

Hydrogen is a clean fuel and an abundant renewable energy resource. In recent years, huge scientific attention has been invested to invent suitable materials for its safe storage. Conducting polymers has been extensively investigated as a potential hydrogen storage and fuel cell membrane due to the low cost, ease of synthesis and processability to achieve the desired morphological and microstructural architecture, ease of doping and composite formation, chemical stability and functional properties. The review presents the recent progress in the direction of material selection, modification to achieve appropriate morphology and adsorbent properties, chemical and thermal stabilities. Polyaniline is the most explored material for hydrogen storage. Polypyrrole and polythiophene has also been explored to some extent. Activated carbons derived from conducting polymers have shown the highest specific surface area and significant storage. This review also covers recent advances in the field of proton conducting solid polymer electrolyte membranes in fuel cells application. This review focuses on the basic structure, synthesis and working mechanisms of the polymer materials and critically discusses their relative merits.

Biosensors are of particular importance for the detection of biological analytes at low concentrations. Conducting polymer nanomaterials, which often serve as sensing transducers, are renowned for their small dimensions, high surface-to-volume ratio, and amplified sensitivity. Despite these traits, the widespread implementation of conventional conducting polymer nanomaterials is hampered by their scarcity and lack of structural uniformity. Herein, a brief overview of the latest developments in the synthesis of morphologically tunable conducting polymer-based biosensors is discussed. Research related to the dimensional (0, 1, 2, and 3D) hetero-nanostructures of conducting polymers are highlighted in this paper, and how these structures affect traits such as the speed of charge transfer processes, low-working temperature, high sensitivity and cycle stability are discussed.