, along with their corresponding producer enzymes iNOS and COX-2, as well as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β cytokines. These findings strongly suggest that LEVs have significant potential for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents.

BACKGROUND: Nanodrugs play a crucial role in biomedical applications by enhancing drug delivery. To address safety and toxicity concerns associated with nanoparticles, lipid-nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising approach for developing next-generation smart nanomedicines. Ginseng has traditionally been used for various therapeutic purposes, including antiviral activity. This study aimed to prepare a biocompatible and therapeutically potent Korean ginseng nanoemulsion (KGS-NE) using ginseng seed oil (GSO), optimize its encapsulation and drug delivery efficiency, and evaluate its antiviral activity. RESULTS: (C-O stretching in secondary alcohol). Storage stability studies showed that KGS-NE maintained its size and stability for 6 months at 4 °C. The KGS-NE exhibited a dose-dependent suppression of HCoV-OC43 viral replication in Vero E6 cells. RNA sequencing analysis unveiled differentially expressed genes (DEGs) specifically involved in the ABC transporters signaling pathway. KGS-NE oral administration facilitated the recovery of mice induced with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein, as confirmed by inflammatory markers expression in lung tissue. In the Syrian hamster infected with the SARS-CoV-2 model, the lungs dissected showed enlarged morphology and induced inflammatory cytokines. This effect was mitigated with KGS-NE oral administration, as observed through H&E and qRT-PCR analysis. Biochemical analysis at various oral administration concentrations demonstrated that KGS-NE had no adverse effects on the kidney and liver. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings strongly suggest that oral administering KGS-NE in mice and Syrian hamster models has the potential to effectively mitigate lung inflammation against coronavirus. This indicates a promising new strategy for developing the antiviral nano-agent against SARS-CoV-2.

The efficacy of food-derived vesicles in regulating inflammation-related diseases has garnered considerable attention. Propolis is particularly notable for its diverse biological activities, including anti-diabetic, anti-obesity and anticancer effects. In this study, we introduced propolis-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles (PVNs) as a new bioactive compound of propolis that exert anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Characterization of PVNs revealed a bilayer membrane structure with an average vesicle size of 110 ± 38.3 nm. In bioactivity assays, PVNs treatment significantly reduced cytokine secretion (IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-1β), and inflammatory mediators (NO and PGE 2). These effects were accompanied by down-regulation of iNOS and COX-2 , mediated by the inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, PVNs treatment substantially inhibited LPS-induced oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. These findings highlight PVNs as potent anti-inflammatory agents, offering potential applications in treating inflammation-related diseases and as nanoscale drug delivery systems. • PVNs possess a bilayer membrane with a vesicle size of approximately 110 ± 38.3 nm. • PVNs treatment decreases the production of inflammatory cytokines and mediators. • PVNs treatment inhibits ROS production and mitochondrial superoxide levels. • PVNs alleviate LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. • PVNs exert anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

, along with their corresponding producer enzymes iNOS and COX-2, as well as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β cytokines. These findings strongly suggest that LEVs have significant potential for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents.

BACKGROUND: Nanodrugs play a crucial role in biomedical applications by enhancing drug delivery. To address safety and toxicity concerns associated with nanoparticles, lipid-nanocarrier-based drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising approach for developing next-generation smart nanomedicines. Ginseng has traditionally been used for various therapeutic purposes, including antiviral activity. This study aimed to prepare a biocompatible and therapeutically potent Korean ginseng nanoemulsion (KGS-NE) using ginseng seed oil (GSO), optimize its encapsulation and drug delivery efficiency, and evaluate its antiviral activity. RESULTS: (C-O stretching in secondary alcohol). Storage stability studies showed that KGS-NE maintained its size and stability for 6 months at 4 °C. The KGS-NE exhibited a dose-dependent suppression of HCoV-OC43 viral replication in Vero E6 cells. RNA sequencing analysis unveiled differentially expressed genes (DEGs) specifically involved in the ABC transporters signaling pathway. KGS-NE oral administration facilitated the recovery of mice induced with the receptor binding domain (RBD) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein, as confirmed by inflammatory markers expression in lung tissue. In the Syrian hamster infected with the SARS-CoV-2 model, the lungs dissected showed enlarged morphology and induced inflammatory cytokines. This effect was mitigated with KGS-NE oral administration, as observed through H&E and qRT-PCR analysis. Biochemical analysis at various oral administration concentrations demonstrated that KGS-NE had no adverse effects on the kidney and liver. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings strongly suggest that oral administering KGS-NE in mice and Syrian hamster models has the potential to effectively mitigate lung inflammation against coronavirus. This indicates a promising new strategy for developing the antiviral nano-agent against SARS-CoV-2.

The efficacy of food-derived vesicles in regulating inflammation-related diseases has garnered considerable attention. Propolis is particularly notable for its diverse biological activities, including anti-diabetic, anti-obesity and anticancer effects. In this study, we introduced propolis-derived vesicle-like nanoparticles (PVNs) as a new bioactive compound of propolis that exert anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages. Characterization of PVNs revealed a bilayer membrane structure with an average vesicle size of 110 ± 38.3 nm. In bioactivity assays, PVNs treatment significantly reduced cytokine secretion (IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, and IL-1β), and inflammatory mediators (NO and PGE 2). These effects were accompanied by down-regulation of iNOS and COX-2 , mediated by the inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. Additionally, PVNs treatment substantially inhibited LPS-induced oxidative stress in RAW264.7 cells. These findings highlight PVNs as potent anti-inflammatory agents, offering potential applications in treating inflammation-related diseases and as nanoscale drug delivery systems. • PVNs possess a bilayer membrane with a vesicle size of approximately 110 ± 38.3 nm. • PVNs treatment decreases the production of inflammatory cytokines and mediators. • PVNs treatment inhibits ROS production and mitochondrial superoxide levels. • PVNs alleviate LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 cells via TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway. • PVNs exert anti-inflammatory effects in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.