A lithium fluoride (LiF)-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is useful for stabilizing the interface with the silicon (Si) anode, which undergoes large volume changes during cycling. Efforts have focused on increasing the fluorine content of the SEI layer, yet its uniformity has received less attention. Here, we propose an interfacial engineering strategy to promote uniform LiF-rich SEI formation by introducing fluorosulfonylimide (FSI) anions onto the Si surface using a 1,3-diallylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ionic liquid (DFIL). The DFIL uniformly covers the Si surface and facilitates the in situ formation of a mechanically robust, LiF-rich SEI layer. This SEI improves the fast-charging (3C) performance and extends the calendar life (4 weeks at 60 °C). Full-cell evaluations with LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathodes under lean electrolyte (3.0 g Ah–1) and high-voltage (∼4.3 V) conditions demonstrate the practical feasibility of this strategy, highlighting the importance of uniform LiF-rich SEI formation for Si anode-based LIBs.

Abstract Conventional lithium (Li) ion batteries (LIBs) are approaching the limit imposed by their theoretical energy density, and they urgently require advanced strategies to transcend this boundary. Li‐ion/Li metal hybrid systems, which leverage reversible Li metal deposition within void spaces in the anode during charging, offer a significant leap forward for capacity enhancement without the need for complex structural modifications. However, the uncontrolled growth of Li dendrites at the electrode surfaces remains a critical barrier to practical adoption. Here, a protection strategy based on a lithio‐amphiphilic bilayer for graphite (Gr) anodes is proposed, engineered via the sequential deposition of silver (Ag) and chromium (Cr) thin films. The lithiophilic Ag layer functions as a nucleation template for homogenized Li plating across the electrode surface, whereas the lithiophobic Cr layer forms a robust barrier to suppress dendrite propagation. This Gr‐AgCr architecture enabled stable cycling at an ultralow negative‐to‐positive electrode capacity ratio (N/P ratio) of 0.4 and an electrolyte‐to‐capacity ratio (E/C ratio) of 1.1 g Ah −1 , achieving a 49% increase in energy density compared to conventional LIBs. This design provides a scalable pathway toward high‐energy‐density hybrid battery systems within existing LIB manufacturing frameworks, bridging the gap between Li metal and conventional intercalation chemistries.

Due to the increasing demand for propylene, highly selective propylene production from ethylene using small pore zeolite has received significant attention. However, rapid catalyst deactivation due to coke deposition on the catalyst impedes effective propylene production in industry. Therefore, it is essential to develop a low-temperature regeneration ethylene-to-propylene (ETP) catalyst with stable catalytic activity. To achieve such a catalyst, various hydrocracking metal species and phosphorus-supported SSZ-13 were prepared and evaluated using a one-pass ETP and ETP-Regen test. The optimized catalyst NiO(1.0)-P(0.6)-SSZ-13 exhibited a constant, excellent propylene yield of over 70 wt% with 90 wt% of propylene selectivity over ETP reaction and consecutive ETP-Regen cycles. The unprecedented catalytic performance of NiO(1.0)-P(0.6)-SSZ-13 was ascribed to the synergistic effect of NiO and P components, where nickel is responsible for catalyst recovery through effective coke removal, while phosphorus plays an essential role in size-selective diffusion.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), which is composed of active edge sites and a catalytically inert basal plane, is a promising catalyst to replace the state‐of‐the‐art Pt for electrochemically catalyzing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Because the basal plane consists of the majority of the MoS 2 bulk materials, activation of basal plane sites is an important challenge to further enhance HER performance. Here, an in situ electrochemical activation process of the MoS 2 basal planes by using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique to improve the HER performance of commercial bulk MoS 2 is first demonstrated. The ALD technique is used to form islands of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) on the surface of the MoS 2 basal plane. The coated TiO 2 on the MoS 2 surface (ALD(TiO 2 )‐MoS 2 ) is then leached out using an in situ electrochemical activation method, producing highly localized surface distortions on the MoS 2 basal plane. The MoS 2 catalysts with activated basal plane surfaces (ALD(Act.)‐MoS 2 ) have dramatically enhanced HER kinetics, resulting from more favorable hydrogen‐binding.

The paucity of enzymes that efficiently deconstruct plant polysaccharides represents a major bottleneck for industrial-scale conversion of cellulosic biomass into biofuels. Cow rumen microbes specialize in degradation of cellulosic plant material, but most members of this complex community resist cultivation. To characterize biomass-degrading genes and genomes, we sequenced and analyzed 268 gigabases of metagenomic DNA from microbes adherent to plant fiber incubated in cow rumen. From these data, we identified 27,755 putative carbohydrate-active genes and expressed 90 candidate proteins, of which 57% were enzymatically active against cellulosic substrates. We also assembled 15 uncultured microbial genomes, which were validated by complementary methods including single-cell genome sequencing. These data sets provide a substantially expanded catalog of genes and genomes participating in the deconstruction of cellulosic biomass.

Robust state estimation is a fundamental research topic in robotics. Existing approaches like robust kernels combined with iteratively re-weighted least squares (IRLS) often require heuristic parameter selection and extensive fine-tuning. In this manuscript, we propose a novel method that optimizes kernels while preserving the advantages of existing techniques. By introducing a probabilistic interpretation of weights and residuals, our approach enables automatic parameter selection. Applied to iterative closest point (ICP) and bundle adjustment (BA), experimental results demonstrate improved convergence and robustness compared to traditional methods, eliminating the need for time-consuming parameter tuning and offering a practical solution for robust state estimation.

The threshold voltage (<i>V</i>_T) shift and anomalous hump characteristics caused by external gamma-rays (γ-rays) are problematic in electronic devices, especially in aerospace applications. To overcome those issues, we investigated the degradation mechanism and radiation immunity in ultrathin amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide (a-IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) with a sub-10 nm film, utilizing X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis and subgap density-of-states (DOS) characterization. Furthermore, energy-efficient electrothermal annealing (ETA) with a power-optimized electrical pulse signal is adopted to recover inevitable device damage triggered by continuous irradiation, resulting in enhancement of subthreshold slope (SS), elimination of the abnormal hump phenomenon, and confirmed heat spreading through thermal simulation. Importantly, our approach provides evidence of a specific thickness configuration exhibiting superior γ-ray immunity. This study can pave the way for device design guidelines for oxide-based TFTs, which can be applied to future highly reliable electronic devices under harsh environments.

A lithium fluoride (LiF)-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is useful for stabilizing the interface with the silicon (Si) anode, which undergoes large volume changes during cycling. Efforts have focused on increasing the fluorine content of the SEI layer, yet its uniformity has received less attention. Here, we propose an interfacial engineering strategy to promote uniform LiF-rich SEI formation by introducing fluorosulfonylimide (FSI) anions onto the Si surface using a 1,3-diallylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide ionic liquid (DFIL). The DFIL uniformly covers the Si surface and facilitates the in situ formation of a mechanically robust, LiF-rich SEI layer. This SEI improves the fast-charging (3C) performance and extends the calendar life (4 weeks at 60 °C). Full-cell evaluations with LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 cathodes under lean electrolyte (3.0 g Ah–1) and high-voltage (∼4.3 V) conditions demonstrate the practical feasibility of this strategy, highlighting the importance of uniform LiF-rich SEI formation for Si anode-based LIBs.

Abstract Conventional lithium (Li) ion batteries (LIBs) are approaching the limit imposed by their theoretical energy density, and they urgently require advanced strategies to transcend this boundary. Li‐ion/Li metal hybrid systems, which leverage reversible Li metal deposition within void spaces in the anode during charging, offer a significant leap forward for capacity enhancement without the need for complex structural modifications. However, the uncontrolled growth of Li dendrites at the electrode surfaces remains a critical barrier to practical adoption. Here, a protection strategy based on a lithio‐amphiphilic bilayer for graphite (Gr) anodes is proposed, engineered via the sequential deposition of silver (Ag) and chromium (Cr) thin films. The lithiophilic Ag layer functions as a nucleation template for homogenized Li plating across the electrode surface, whereas the lithiophobic Cr layer forms a robust barrier to suppress dendrite propagation. This Gr‐AgCr architecture enabled stable cycling at an ultralow negative‐to‐positive electrode capacity ratio (N/P ratio) of 0.4 and an electrolyte‐to‐capacity ratio (E/C ratio) of 1.1 g Ah −1 , achieving a 49% increase in energy density compared to conventional LIBs. This design provides a scalable pathway toward high‐energy‐density hybrid battery systems within existing LIB manufacturing frameworks, bridging the gap between Li metal and conventional intercalation chemistries.

Due to the increasing demand for propylene, highly selective propylene production from ethylene using small pore zeolite has received significant attention. However, rapid catalyst deactivation due to coke deposition on the catalyst impedes effective propylene production in industry. Therefore, it is essential to develop a low-temperature regeneration ethylene-to-propylene (ETP) catalyst with stable catalytic activity. To achieve such a catalyst, various hydrocracking metal species and phosphorus-supported SSZ-13 were prepared and evaluated using a one-pass ETP and ETP-Regen test. The optimized catalyst NiO(1.0)-P(0.6)-SSZ-13 exhibited a constant, excellent propylene yield of over 70 wt% with 90 wt% of propylene selectivity over ETP reaction and consecutive ETP-Regen cycles. The unprecedented catalytic performance of NiO(1.0)-P(0.6)-SSZ-13 was ascribed to the synergistic effect of NiO and P components, where nickel is responsible for catalyst recovery through effective coke removal, while phosphorus plays an essential role in size-selective diffusion.

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), which is composed of active edge sites and a catalytically inert basal plane, is a promising catalyst to replace the state‐of‐the‐art Pt for electrochemically catalyzing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Because the basal plane consists of the majority of the MoS 2 bulk materials, activation of basal plane sites is an important challenge to further enhance HER performance. Here, an in situ electrochemical activation process of the MoS 2 basal planes by using the atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique to improve the HER performance of commercial bulk MoS 2 is first demonstrated. The ALD technique is used to form islands of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) on the surface of the MoS 2 basal plane. The coated TiO 2 on the MoS 2 surface (ALD(TiO 2 )‐MoS 2 ) is then leached out using an in situ electrochemical activation method, producing highly localized surface distortions on the MoS 2 basal plane. The MoS 2 catalysts with activated basal plane surfaces (ALD(Act.)‐MoS 2 ) have dramatically enhanced HER kinetics, resulting from more favorable hydrogen‐binding.